In 1640, as Dutch ships rounded into the Salvador’s Bay of All Saints, a lone priest railed at God for abandoning the Portuguese. By now, the Netherlanders had fully implemented their “Grand Design” on Brazil, seizing much of the Brazilian northeast. Should Bahia fall, so too would Portuguese America. How did the elite and marginalized Portuguese men and women--on both sides of the Atlantic—not only defeat the Dutch, but also oust them from nearly the entire western hemisphere? This session, shared by the author of The Battle for Brazil, will feature unexpected archival finds from Lisbon, Madrid, and The Hague. The Dutch challenge for “white gold”—sugar—and unlikely resistance that followed, influenced not only the course of Brazil’s history, but the shape of the South Atlantic world.